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by /baɪ/ preposition
by adverb
by- , bye- /baɪ/ prefix

توسط، با، تا
به دست، به وسیله، بواسطه، از نزدیک، از پهلوی، از کنار، در کنار، از پهلو، محل سکنی، فرعی، درجه دوم
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by
[preposition]
Synonyms:
- via, by way of, over
- through, through the agency of
- near, along, beside, close to, next to, past
[adverb]
Synonyms:
- near, at hand, close, handy, in reach
- past, aside, away, to one side
English Thesaurus: before, prior to, by, earlier, previously, ...

[TahlilGaran] English Synonym Dictionary

I. by1 S1 W1 /baɪ/ preposition
[Language: Old English; Origin: be, bi]

1. WHO/WHAT DOES SOMETHING used especially with a passive verb to say who or what does something or makes something happen:
I was attacked by a dog.
a church designed by the famous architect, Sir Christopher Wren
We are all alarmed by the rise in violent crime.
interference by the state in the affairs of the Church
his appointment by the BBC as a producer

2. MEANS/METHOD used to say what means or method someone uses to do something:
You can reserve the tickets by phone.
Send it by airmail.
Some customers prefer to pay by cheque.
by car/train/bus/taxi etc
They travelled to Chicago by train.
by air/sea/land/road/rail etc
All supplies are transported by air.
by doing something
She earns her living by selling insurance.
He was taken from his home by force.

3. ROAD/DOOR used to say which road, entrance, door etc someone uses to get to a place:
They came in by the back door.
It’s quicker to go by the country route.

4. TAKING HOLD used to say which part of an object or of a person’s body someone takes hold of:
He took Elaine by the arm and led her across the road.
She grabbed the hammer by the handle.

5. WRITER/COMPOSER ETC used to give the name of someone who wrote a book, produced a film, wrote a piece of music etc:
the ‘New World Symphony’ by Dvorak
a short story by Charles Dickens
Who’s it by?

6. BESIDE beside or near something:
She stood by the window.
Jane went and sat by Patrick.

7. PAST past someone or something without stopping:
He walked right by me without even saying hello.
I pass by the farm every day on my way to work.

8. BEFORE before or not later than a particular time:
The documents need to be ready by next Friday.
I reckon the film should be over by 9.30.
By the end of the day we had sold over 2,000 tickets.
By the time we got home we were tired and hungry.

9. ACCORDING TO according to a particular rule, method, or way of doing things:
You’ve got to play by the rules.
Profits were £6 million, but by our standards this is low.

10. CHANGE/DIFFERENCE used to say how great a change or difference is:
The price of oil fell by a further $2 a barrel.
I was overcharged by £3.
Godard’s first film was better by far (=by a large amount or degree).

11. MEASUREMENTS used to give the measurements of a room, container etc:
a room 15 metres by 23 metres

12. QUANTITY used to show what unit of measurement or quantity is involved in selling, paying for, producing etc something:
Eggs are sold by the dozen.
We’re paid by the hour.
She wanted to tear his hair out by the handful.

13. GRADUAL CHANGE used to say that something happens gradually:
Day by day, he grew weaker.
Little by little, I was beginning to discover the truth about Garfield.
One by one, the men stepped forward.

14. QUICK CHANGE used to say that something or someone is quickly becoming worse, better etc:
The financial crisis was growing more serious by the hour.

15. LIGHT used to say that something happens in a particular kind of light:
We walked through the palace gardens by moonlight.

16. by day/night during the day or the night:
a tour of Paris by night

17. JOB/NATURE ETC used when you are giving information about someone’s character, job, origin etc:
George I and George II were Germans by birth.
Cautious by nature, Simpkin was reluctant to interfere.
Robert Key was a teacher by profession.

18. VISITING in order to visit a person or place for a short time:
On the way, I stopped by the post office.

19. (all) by yourself
a) completely alone:
Dave spent Christmas all by himself.
b) without help from anyone:
You can’t move the furniture all by yourself.

20. MULTIPLYING/DIVIDING used between two numbers when talking about multiplying or dividing:
What’s 48 divided by 4?

21. EMPHASIS used when expressing strong feelings or making serious promises:
By God, I’ll kill that boy when I see him!

22. FATHER if a woman has children by a particular man, that man is the children’s father:
She’s got two children by her previous husband.

23. by the by spoken used when mentioning something that may be interesting but is not particularly important:
By the by, Ian said he might call round tonight.by the way at way


GRAMMAR
by, with
By is used, especially after passive verbs, to say who or what does something:
The article was written by a university professor.
She was hit by a truck.
With is used after verbs that describe a state rather than an action:
The books were covered with dust (NOT by dust).
Her house is always filled with music.
By is used to say what means or method someone uses to do something:
He replied by email.
With is used to say what tool is used to do something:
Clean the surface thoroughly with a wire brush (NOT by a wire brush).

[TahlilGaran] Dictionary of Contemporary English

II. by2 S1 W1 adverb

1. past someone or something:
As I was standing on the platform, the Liverpool train went whizzing by.
James walked by without even looking in my direction.

2. used to say that time passes:
As the summer days slipped by, it was easy to forget about the war.
Ten years had gone by since I had last seen Marilyn.

3. beside or near someone or something:
A crowd of people were standing by, waiting for an announcement.

4. in order to visit a person or place for a short time:
Why don’t you stop by for a drink after work?

5. by and large used when making a general statement:
By and large, the new arrangements have worked well.

6. by and by old use soon:
She will be better by and by.

[TahlilGaran] Dictionary of Contemporary English

by- , bye- /baɪ/ prefix
[Origin: by]
less important:
a by-product (=something made in addition to the main product)
a by-election (=one held between regular elections)

[TahlilGaran] Dictionary of Contemporary English

by
preposition
1.
BAD: He managed to open the lid by a screwdriver.
GOOD: He managed to open the lid with a screwdriver.

Usage Note:
You do something with a tool, instrument, etc (NOT by ): 'He opened the envelope with a chopstick.' 'You can't eat spaghetti with a spoon.'

2.
BAD: I am staying in a small town by Oxford.
GOOD: I am staying in a small town near Oxford.

Usage Note:
by = next to or very close to something: 'I've been sitting by the phone all morning waiting for her to ring.' 'I'll meet you on the corner, by the bank.'
When talking about the position of towns, cities, countries etc, use near : 'I spent the first month in a little village called Farchant, near Garmen-Partenkirchen.'

3.
BAD: We can gain a lot of knowledge by these books.
GOOD: We can gain a lot of knowledge from these books.

Usage Note:
You get information from a source: 'You can learn a great deal from a good dictionary.' 'I obtained their new number from directory enquiries.'

4.
BAD: Being locked up is a punishment by itself.
GOOD: Being locked up is a punishment in itself.
BAD: Money by itself is of no interest to me.
GOOD: Money in itself is of no interest to me.

Usage Note:
in itself = without anything added: 'His offer to pay for the repairs is in itself an admission of guilt.'

5.
See MADE (made), REASON 5 (reason) , REPLACE (replace) , SEE 2 (see)

[TahlilGaran] Dictionary of Common Errors

before earlier than something or someone:
She could read before she started school.
Do you want to have a shower before me?
prior to formal before something happens:
Please arrive at the airport two hours prior to departure.
by no later than a particular time or date:
The children are usually in bed by 9 o'clock.
We have to be out of our hotel room by 10 o'clock.
earlier before now, or before the time you are talking about:
I saw her earlier.
I had sent the letter earlier in the week.
previously before now, or before a time in the past:
He previously worked as an electrician.
The show starred a previously unknown actress called Jennifer Aniston.
in advance before something happens – used especially when talking about the arrangements for something:
Let me know in advance if you are going to be late.
The landlord wants three months’ rent in advance.
beforehand (also ahead of time) before something happens, especially so that you are ready:
I wish we had known about all this beforehand.
It’s always best to decide beforehand how much you want to pay.

[TahlilGaran] English Thesaurus

next to preposition very close to someone or something, with no other person, building, place etc in between:
I sat next to him at dinner.
The hotel was right next to the airport.
beside preposition next to the side of someone or something:
Ella came and sat down beside me.
They were sitting beside the pool.
by preposition next to something – often used about being very close to a window, door, or the edge of something such as an area of water:
I saw him standing by the window.
Weymouth is a pretty little town by the sea.
She lives by the river.
next door adverb in the building or room next to yours, or next to another one:
The house next door is much bigger than ours.
Have you met the people who’ve just moved in next door?
alongside adverb, preposition close to the side of something, especially a river, railway, boat, or vehicle:
I decided to take the path alongside the railway track.
A police car pulled up alongside.
adjacent adjective, adverb formal a building, room, or piece of land that is adjacent to another one is next to it:
They walked through a rose garden adjacent to the hospital.
The blaze spread to two adjacent buildings.
adjoining adjective formal an adjoining room, building, or piece of land is one that is next to another one and is joined to it:
We had adjoining rooms at the hotel.

[TahlilGaran] English Thesaurus

by
baɪ
See: too --- by half

[TahlilGaran] English Idioms Dictionary


TahlilGaran Online Dictionary ver 18.0
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